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CA-1

California (modeling CAISO) one node Plot

Time Series

  • el_demand: http://www.caiso.com/planning/Pages/ReliabilityRequirements/Default.aspx#Historical
  • solar: weighted by area of each of the CA14 nodes: "RenewableNinja", "Open Power System Data. 2018. Data Package Time series. Version 2018-06-30. https://doi.org/10.25832/timeseries/2018-06-30. (Primary data from various sources, for a complete list see URL)." (dataset="merra2",system_loss = 10,tracking = 1,tilt = 35,azim = 180)
  • wind: weighted by installed capacity on each of the CA14 nodes: "RenewableNinja": "Open Power System Data. 2018. Data Package Time series. Version 2018-06-30. https://doi.org/10.25832/timeseries/2018-06-30. (Primary data from various sources, for a complete list see URL)."; average hub height in 2016: 80m https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=33912#tab1

(capacity = 1.0,height = 80,turbine = "Vestas+V80+2000",dataset="merra2",systemloss = 10), locations based on current wind-farms, if available in region (https://www.energy.ca.gov/maps/renewable/wind/WindResourceAreaCA_Statewide.pdf)

Cost Data

General

  • economic lifetime T: NREL
  • cost of capital (WACC), r: NREL

cap-costs

  • wind, pv, coal, gas, oil, bat: NREL
  • trans: !Costs for transmission expansion are per MW*km!: "Zielkonflikte der Energiewende - Life Cycle Assessment der Dekarbonisierung Deutschlands durch sektorenübergreifende Infrastrukturoptimierung", Reinert, 2018
  • h2: "Shared Capacity and Levelized Cost with Application to Power-to-Gas Technology", Glenk, 2019

fix-costs

  • wind, pv, gas, bat, h2, oil, coal: NREL
  • trans: assumption no fix costs

var-costs

  • pv, wind, coal, gas, oil: NREL
  • trans: assumption no var costs
  • bat, h2: assumption of minimal var costs to avoid charge and discharge in same hour in case of energy excess

LCIA Recipe H Midpoint, GWP 100a

cap - construction

  • pv: Jungbluth Niels, ESU-services, photovoltaic plant construction, 570kWp, multi-Si, on open ground, GLO, cut-off by classification, ecoinvent database version 3.3
  • wind: Christian Bauer, Paul Scherrer Institute, wind power plant, 800kW, fixed parts [unit], GLO, cut-off by classification, ecoinvent database version 3.3, Christian Bauer, Paul Scherrer Institute, wind power plant, 800kW, moving parts [unit], GLO, cut-off by classification, ecoinvent database version 3.3
  • trans: R. Jorge, T. Hawkins, und E. Hertwich. Life cycle assessment of electricity transmission and distribution—part 1: Power lines and cables. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 17(1):9–15, 2012. DOI: 10.1007/s11367-011-0335-1.
  • coal: Christian Bauer, Paul Scherrer Institute, hard coal power plant construction, 500MW, GLO, cut-off by classification, ecoinvent database version 3.3; Karin Treyer, Paul Scherrer Institute, electricity production, lignite, DE, cut-off by classification, ecoinvent database version 3.3
  • gas: Thomas Heck, Paul Scherrer Institute, gas power plant construction, 300MW electrical, GLO, cut-off by classification, ecoinvent database version 3.3
  • oil: Niels Jungbluth, ESU-services, oil power plant construction, 500MW, RER (Europe), cut-off by classification, ecoinvent database version 3.3
  • bat_e: Dominic Notter, Eidgenössische Materialprüf- und -forschungsanstalt, battery cell production, Li-ion, CN (China), cut-off by classification, ecoinvent database version 3.4 ;5.4933 kg CO2-Eq per 0.106 kWh
  • h2_in: Alex Primas, ETH Zürich, fuel cell production, polymer electrolyte membrane, 2kW electrical, future, CH, cut-off by classification, ecoinvent database version 3.3

var - Electric power generation, transmission and distribution

  • coal: Karin Treyer, Paul Scherrer Institute, electricity production, lignite, DE, cut-off by classification, ecoinvent database version 3.3
  • gas: Karin Treyer, Paul Scherrer Institute, electricity production, natural gas, conventional power plant, DE, cut-off by classification, ecoinvent database version 3.3
  • oil: Karin Treyer, Paul Scherrer Institute, electricity production, oil, DE, cut-off by classification, ecoinvent database version 3.3

Other

  • trans: efficiency is 0.9995 per km
  • storage: efficiencies are in efficiency per month
  • storage hydrogen: referenced in MWh with lower calorific value 33.32 kWh/kg "DIN 51850: Brennwerte und Heizwerte gasförmiger Brennstoffe" 1980
  • h2_in, h2_out: Sunfire process
  • h2_e: Cavern